VAZALORE is an immediate release aspirin available over-the-counter (OTC). It is the first and only FDA-approved liquid-filled aspirin capsule that uniquely delivers aspirin. This innovative delivery system releases aspirin in the duodenum which subsequently decreases exposure to the stomach, reducing the risk of stomach erosions and ulcers.

The capsule provides fast and reliable aspirin absorption to help prevent future heart attacks or clot-related strokes in patients with vascular disease and diabetic patients who are candidates for aspirin therapy. The aspirin also helps relieve aches and pains.

This OTC animation was created to explore the mechanism of action (MoA) of the capsules using engaging scientific visuals to explain delivery and absorption, and the benefits in comparison to other aspirin products on the market.

This medical animation was created for PLx Pharma to explain the science to consumers, Healthcare Professionals (HCPs), and investors. The animation is hosted on the VAZALORE product page as well as on the VAZALORE HCP website. Stills from the animation can be found on the technology page to help aid the explanation of the drug delivery platform.
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How morning after pill works? – 3D animation
Mode of action of emergency contraception www.escapelle.com www.postinorpill.com
REFERENCES:

Croxatto HB, et al. Pituitary-ovarian function following the standard levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive dose or a single 0.75 mg dose given on the days preceding ovulation. Contraception 2004; 70(6):442–450.
De Santis M, et al. Failure of the emergency contraceptive levonorgestrel and the risk of adverse effects in pregnancy and on fetal development: an observational cohort study. Fertil Steril 2005; 84:296 –299.
Durand M, et al. On the mechanisms of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64(4):227–234.
Hapangama D, et al. The effects of peri-ovulatory administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception 2001; 63:123-129.
ICEC: Emergency contraception and medical abortion. February 2013
http://www.cecinfo.org/custom-content/uploads/2014/01/ICEC_Medical-Abortion-Fact-Sheet_Feb-2013.pdf (accessed in August 2017)
ICEC and FIGO. How do levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills (LNG ECPs) prevent pregnancy? (Statement on Mechanism of Action). March 2012
http://www.cecinfo.org/custom-content/uploads/2014/01/ICEC_MoA_Statement_3-28-12.pdf (accessed in August 2017)
Lalitkumar PGL, et al. Mifepristone, but not levonorgestrel, inhibits human blastocyst attachment to an in vitro endometrial three-dimensional cell culture model. Human Reproduction 2007; 1-7.
Marions L, et al. Emergency contraception with mifepristone and levonorgestrel: mechanism of action. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:65–71.
Marions L, et al. Effect of emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or mifepristone on ovarian function. Contraception 2004; 69(5):373-377.
Meng CX, et al. Effect of levonorgestrel and mifepristone on endometrial receptivity markers in a three-dimensional human endometrial cell culture model. Fertility and Sterility 2009; 91(1):256-264.
Meng CX, et al. Effects of oral and vaginal administration of levonorgestrel emergency contraception on markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 2010; 25(4):874-883.
Müller LA, et al. Postcoital treatment with levonorgestrel does not disrupt postfertilization events in the rat. Contraception 2003; 67:415–419.
Novikova N, et al. Effectiveness of levonorgestrel emergency contraception given before or after ovulation-a pilot study. Contraception 2007; 75(2):112-118.
Okewole IA, et al. Effect of single administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle Contraception 2007; 75(5):372-377.
Ortiz ME, et al. Post-coital administration of levonorgestrel does not interfere with post-fertilization events in the new world monkey Cebus apella. Hum Reprod 2004; 19(6):1352–1356.
Palomino WA, et al. A single midcycle dose of levonorgestrel similar to emergency contraceptive does not alter the expression of the L-selectin ligand or molecular markers of endometrial receptivity Fertil Steril 2010; 94(5):n1589-94.
Pitkin J, et al. Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2003, Elsevier Science Limited.
Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA). The difference between the Morning-After Pill and the Abortion Pill
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/3914/6012/8466/Difference_Between_the_Morning-After_Pill_and_the_Abortion_Pill.pdf?_ga=1.136880304.1649696582.1475150110 (accessed in August 2017)
Senanayake P, et al. Atlas of Contraception. Second Edition, 2008, Informa UK Ltd.
Tirelli A, et al. Levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception: bleeding pattern and pituitary-ovarian function Contraception 2008; 77(5):328-332.
Vargas MF, et al. Effect of single post-ovulatory administration of levonorgestrel on gene expression profile during the receptive period of the human endometrium. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 48(1):25-36.
Wilcox AJ, et al. The timing of the “fertile window” in the menstrual cycle: day specific estimates from a prospective study. BMJ 2000; 321: 1259–1262.
Wilcox AJ, et al. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1517–1521.
WHO: Fact Sheet on Emergency contraception, June 2017
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Zhang L, et al. Pregnancy outcome after levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception failure: a prospective cohort study. Human Reproduction 2009; 24(7):1605-1611.
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(USMLE topics, gynecology) Mechanism of action of the Pill. This video is available for instant download licensing here : https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/narrated-videos-by-topics/common-ob-gyn-problems/-/medias/c728f8db-c831-41e9-996b-d301aeb41af3-birth-control-pill-mechanism-of-action-narrated-animation
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Birth control pills are medications used to prevent pregnancy. They contain hormones that suppress ovulation. The most effective type is the combination pill which contains both estrogen and progestin – a synthetic form of progesterone. These 2 hormones interfere with the normal menstrual cycle to prevent ovulation.
The menstrual cycle refers to the monthly events that occur within a woman’s body in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy. Each month, an egg is released from an ovary in a process called ovulation. At the same time, the lining of the uterus thickens, ready for pregnancy. If fertilization does not take place, the lining of the uterus is shed in menstrual bleeding and the cycle starts over. The menstrual cycle is under control of multiple hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Basically, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH; the pituitary secretes follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH; while the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are involved in a REGULATORY network that results in monthly cyclic changes responsible for ovulation and preparation for pregnancy.
The 2 hormones that are required for ovulation are: FSH, which starts the cycle by stimulating immature follicles to grow and produce a mature egg; and LH, which is responsible for the release of the egg from the ovary – the ovulation event itself. Two other hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are at high levels after ovulation, in the second half of the cycle. They suppress FSH and LH during this time, preventing the ovaries from releasing more eggs. If fertilization occurs, estrogen and progesterone levels REMAIN HIGH throughout pregnancy, providing a continuous suppression of ovulation. On the other hand, in the absence of pregnancy, their levels FALL, causing menstrual bleeding.
The levels of estrogen and progesterone in the combination pills mimic the hormonal state after ovulation, tricking the ovaries into thinking that ovulation has already occurred; FSH and LH are constantly suppressed, no egg is matured or released.
The pills are taken every day for three weeks, followed by one week of placebo pills containing no hormones. During the week of placebos, estrogen and progesterone levels fall, triggering a so-called withdrawal bleeding, or fake periods. The bleeding serves as a convenient indication that fertilization did not happen, but it is not required for birth control. In fact, there exist continuous-use contraceptive pills with less or no placebos, resulting in less or no menstrual periods. These pills are particularly beneficial for women who suffer from menstrual disorders such as excessive menstrual bleeding, painful menstruation and endometriosis.
For lactating women, or those who cannot tolerate estrogen, there are mini-pills that contain only progestin. These are not as effective as combination pills at preventing ovulation. Their effect relies more on the ability of progestin to promote secretion of a thick cervical mucus to obstruct sperm entry.

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